Tooth diagram: 2 ways of numbering permanent teeth:
US- system FDI (World Dental Federation):
US- system FDI (World Dental Federation):
You can also count from the middle and for example instead of #6 call it UR3 as in upper right third, and so on.
Terminology borrowed from the American Association of Orthodontics, but with add-ons
/www.mylifemysmile.org/glossary
Ankylosis
(from Greek, 'stiffening of a joint), in dental lingo,solid fixation of a tooth resulting from the
fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of at least a portion of the
periodontal ligament. Result is, the tooth is stuck.
Anterior
Front.
Appliances
Any device, attached to the teeth or removable, designed to move the teeth,
change the position of the jaw, or hold the teeth in their finished positions
after braces are removed.
Arch
Upper or lower jaw.
Archwire
The metal wire that is attached to the brackets and used to move the teeth.
Band
The metal ring that is cemented to a tooth for strength and anchorage.
Bitewing x-ray
The patient bites down on a piece of plastic, used to determine presence of decay in between teeth.
The x-ray beam is horisontal.
Braces
A word commonly used to describe a fixed orthodontic appliance, usually comprised of brackets,
bands and wires. These are the names of each part of a typical set of braces:
/www.mylifemysmile.org/glossary
Ankylosis
(from Greek, 'stiffening of a joint), in dental lingo,solid fixation of a tooth resulting from the
fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of at least a portion of the
periodontal ligament. Result is, the tooth is stuck.
Anterior
Front.
Appliances
Any device, attached to the teeth or removable, designed to move the teeth,
change the position of the jaw, or hold the teeth in their finished positions
after braces are removed.
Arch
Upper or lower jaw.
Archwire
The metal wire that is attached to the brackets and used to move the teeth.
Band
The metal ring that is cemented to a tooth for strength and anchorage.
Bitewing x-ray
The patient bites down on a piece of plastic, used to determine presence of decay in between teeth.
The x-ray beam is horisontal.
Braces
A word commonly used to describe a fixed orthodontic appliance, usually comprised of brackets,
bands and wires. These are the names of each part of a typical set of braces:
Brushing
Brushing the teeth is part of an individual's daily home dental care. Patients with braces should follow
the orthodontist's instruction on how often to brush.
Bruxism
Grinding the teeth, usually during sleeping. Bruxism can cause abnormal tooth wear and may lead to pain in the jaw joints.
Buccal
The cheek side of the back teeth in both arches or jaws.
Buccal Tube
A small metal part of the bracket welded to the cheek side of the molar band. The tube may hold an archwire, lip bumper,
headgear facebow or other appliances an orthodontist may use to move the teeth.
Canines
(from Latin caninus, 'of the dog'), also called eye teeth(for the upper ones) or cuspids, or in numbers, the canines are #6 (upper right), #12, #22, # 27
orthodontic residency program after dental school to become orthodontists.
Endosseous Chain
A stretchable series of elastic o-rings connected together and placed around each bracket to hold the archwire in place and move the teeth.
Class I Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the proper molar relationship and teeth that are crowded together, spaced apart, an overbite,
an openbite, a posterior crossbite or an anterior crossbite.
Class II Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the upper front teeth protruding or due to the lower teeth and/or jaw positioned back relative to the upper teeth and/or jaw.
Class III Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the lower front teeth protruding or due to the lower teeth and/or jaw positioned ahead relative to the upper teeth and/or jaw.
Closed Bite/Deep Bite
Also known as deep overbite, this occurs when the upper front teeth overlap the bottom front teeth an excessive amount.
Comprehensive TreatmentComplete orthodontic treatment performed to correct a malocclusion.
Congenitally Missing Teeth
A genetic occurrence in which the expected number of permanent teeth do not develop.
Crossbite
Upper posterior (back) teeth are in crossbite if they erupt and function inside or outside of the arch in the lower posterior teeth.
Lower anterior (front) teeth are I crossbite if they erupt and function in front of the upper anterior teeth.
A crossbite can be individual teeth or groups of teeth.
Cuspids
= canines
DDS or DMD
DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) and DMD (Doctor of Dental Medicine) are equivalent degrees, according to The American Dental Association. All orthodontists educated in the U.S. or Canada will have either a DDS or DMD after their names. Orthodontists have an additional two to three years of specialty education in an accredited
Endosseous Chain
A stretchable series of elastic o-rings connected together and placed around each bracket to hold the archwire in place and move the teeth.
Class I Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the proper molar relationship and teeth that are crowded together, spaced apart, an overbite,
an openbite, a posterior crossbite or an anterior crossbite.
Class II Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the upper front teeth protruding or due to the lower teeth and/or jaw positioned back relative to the upper teeth and/or jaw.
Class III Malocclusion
A malocclusion with the lower front teeth protruding or due to the lower teeth and/or jaw positioned ahead relative to the upper teeth and/or jaw.
Closed Bite/Deep Bite
Also known as deep overbite, this occurs when the upper front teeth overlap the bottom front teeth an excessive amount.
Comprehensive TreatmentComplete orthodontic treatment performed to correct a malocclusion.
Congenitally Missing Teeth
A genetic occurrence in which the expected number of permanent teeth do not develop.
Crossbite
Upper posterior (back) teeth are in crossbite if they erupt and function inside or outside of the arch in the lower posterior teeth.
Lower anterior (front) teeth are I crossbite if they erupt and function in front of the upper anterior teeth.
A crossbite can be individual teeth or groups of teeth.
Cuspids
= canines
DDS or DMD
DDS (Doctor of Dental Surgery) and DMD (Doctor of Dental Medicine) are equivalent degrees, according to The American Dental Association. All orthodontists educated in the U.S. or Canada will have either a DDS or DMD after their names. Orthodontists have an additional two to three years of specialty education in an accredited
Dehiscence
Diagnostic Records
The material and information that the orthodontist needs to properly diagnose and plan a patient's treatment.
Diagnostic records may include a thorough patient health history, a visual examination of the teeth and
supporting structures, plaster models of the teeth, a wax bite registration, extraoral and intraoral photographs, a panoramic and a cephalometric radiograph.
DICOM
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine. A way to store, exchange, and transmit medical images.
E2007
The effective dose calculations ussing 2007 tissue weighting standards published by the International Commission of Radiological Protection
Ectopic Eruption
Term used to describe a tooth or teeth that erupt in an abnormal position.
Elastics
Rubber bands. During certain stages of treatment, small elastics or rubber bands are worn to provide
individual tooth movement or jaw alignment.
Endosseous implant
'Within the bone'
Eruption
The process by which teeth enter into the mouth.
Extraction
The removal of a tooth.
Facebow
A wire appliance used with a nightbrace, or headgear. Primarily used to move the upper first molars back,
creating room for crowded or protrusive front teeth. The facebow has an internal wire bow and an external wire bow. The internal bow attaches to the buccal tube on the upper molar bands inside the mouth and the outer bow attaches to the breakaway safety strap of the nightbrace.
Fenestration
See dehiscence
Fiberotomy
A surgical procedure designed to sever fibers of attachment around the tooth, usually performed to reduce the
potential for relapse or post-orthodontic treatment tooth movement.
Fixed Appliances
An orthodontic appliance that is bonded or cemented to the teeth and cannot be or should not be removed by the patient.
Flossing
An important part of daily home dental care. Flossing removes plaque and food debris from between the teeth,
brackets and wires. Flossing keeps teeth and gums clean and healthy during orthodontic treatment.
Frenectomy
The surgical removal or repositioning of the frenum, the lip and tongue attachment located between the upper and lower front teeth.
A large frenum attachment can cause spacing between top front teeth or cause the tongue to be tied.
Functional Appliances
Appliances that utilize the muscle action produced when speaking, eating and swallowing to produce force to move the teeth and align the jaws.
They are also known as orthopedic appliances with names such as orthopedic corrector, activator, bionator, Frankel, Herbst or twin block appliances.
GBR
Guided Bone Regeneration. Surgical procedure that uses barrier membranes with or without particulate bone grafts or/and bone substitute.
Gingiva
Soft tissue around the teeth, also known as the gums.
Gummy Smile
Showing an excessive amount of gingival (gum) tissue above the front teeth when smiling.
Headgear
An appliance worn outside of the mouth to provide traction for growth modification and tooth movement.
Herbst Appliance
This appliance is used to move the lower jaw forward. It can be fixed or removable. When it is fixed, it is cemented
to teeth in one or both arches using stainless steel crowns. An expansion screw may be used simultaneously to widen the upper jaw.
Impaction
A tooth that does not erupt into the mouth or only erupts partially is considered impacted.
Implant
Dental implants can be: endosseous= 'within the bone', subperiostal = 'on top of the bone', or transosteal = 'through the bone'
Interceptive Treatment
Orthodontic treatment performed to intercept a developing problem. Usually performed on younger patients
that have a mixture of primary (baby) teeth and permanent teeth.
Interproximal Reduction
Removal of a small amount of enamel from between the teeth to reduce their width. Also known as reproximation,
slenderizing, stripping, enamel reduction or selective reduction.
IPR = interproximal/ or interdental reduction or 'tooth stripping' means polishing off enamel to make the tooth fit better if the teethcrowded
Labial
The surface of the teeth in both arches that faces the lips.
Ligating Modules
A small elastic o-ring, shaped like a donut, used to hold the archwire in the bracket.
Lingual
The tongue side of the teeth in both arches.
Lip Bumper
A wire appliance used to move the lower molars back and the lower front teeth forward, creating
room for crowded front teeth. The lip bumper is an internal wire bow that attaches to the buccal
tubes on the cheek side of the lower molar bands inside the mouth. The front portion of the bow
has an acrylic pad or bumper that rests against the inside of the lower lip. The lower lip muscles apply pressure to the bumper creating a force that moves the molars back.
Lip Incompetence
The inability to close the lips together at rest, usually due to protrusive front teeth or excessively long faces.
Malocclusion
The term used in orthodontics to describe teeth that do not fit together properly. From Latin, the term means "bad bite."
Mandible/ mandibular
Lower jaw/ relating to lower jaw
Maxilla / maxillary
Upper jaw/relating to upper jaw
Mixed Dentition
The dental developmental stage in children (approximately ages 6-12) when they have a mix of primary (baby) and permanent teeth.
Mouthguard
A removable device used to protect the teeth and mouth from injury caused by sporting activities. The use of a mouthguard is especially important for orthodontic patients.
Nightguard
A removable appliance worn at night to help an individual minimize the damage or wear while clenching or grinding teeth during sleep.
Occlusal
the bite-sid of teeth
Occlusion
relation between two surfaces when in contact
Open Bite
A malocclusion in which teeth do not make contact with each other. With an anterior open bite, the front teeth do not touch when the back teeth are closed together. With a posterior open bite, the back teeth do not touch when the front teeth are closed together.
Orthodontics
The specialty area of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis, supervision, guidance and correction of malocclusions. The formal name of the specialty is orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics.
Orthodontist
A specialist in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of dental and facial irregularities. Orthodontists are required to complete college requirements, graduate from an accredited dental school and successfully complete a minimum of two academic years of full-time, university-based study at an accredited orthodontic residency program. Only those who have completed this education may call themselves "orthodontists." Orthodontists limit their practice to orthodontic treatment only unless they have training in another dental specialty. Only residency-certified orthodontists may be members of the American
Association of Orthodontists.
Orthopedic Appliance
A removable functional appliance designed to guide the growth of the jaws and face.
Osseointegrated
(From Greek 'osteon', bone), so something that has grown into bone
Palatal
side of the teeth facing the hard palate, the inside of the mouth cavity wall
Palatal Expander
A fixed or removable device used to make the upper jaw wider.
Periapical
tip of the tooth, the root end. From Greek 'peri' = around, and 'apical' = tip
Periapical x-ray
Image of the entire tooth, including the roots. The x-ray beam is directed at angle downward to capture the whole tooth.
Periodontal
Refers to the hard and soft tissue, or supporting structures, around the teeth.
Piezosurgery
Piezo from Greek meaning 'squeeze'. You do surgery using a vibrating ultrasonic tip instead of a drill. This makes the surgery safer, less traumatic to the soft tissues, and makes healing faster.
Piezo from Greek meaning 'squeeze'. You do surgery using a vibrating ultrasonic tip instead of a drill. This makes the surgery safer, less traumatic to the soft tissues, and makes healing faster.
Plaque
Plaque is a colorless, sticky film of bacteria, food particles and saliva that constantly forms in the mouth. Plaque combines with sugars to form an acid that endangers teeth and gums. Plaque causes tooth decay and gum disease.
Posterior
Back.
Preventive Treatment
Orthodontic treatment to prevent or reduce the severity of a developing malocclusion (bad bite).
Removable Appliance
An orthodontic appliance that can be removed from the mouth by the patient. Removable appliances are used to move teeth, align jaws and to keep teeth in their new positions when the braces are removed (retainers).
Retainer
A fixed or removable appliance worn after the braces are removed. A removable retainer attaches to your upper and/or lower teeth and holds them in their finished positions.
Rubber Bands
During certain stages of treatment, small elastics or rubber bands are worn to provide individual tooth movement or jaw alignment.
Safety Strap
The safety strap prevents the facebow of the headgear from coming loose and causing injury.
Separators
An elastic o-ring or small wire loop placed between the teeth to create space for placement of bands. Separators are usually placed between the teeth a week before bands are scheduled to be cemented to the teeth.
Serial Extraction
Selective or guided removal of certain primary (baby) teeth and/or permanent teeth over a period of time to create room for permanent teeth.
Space Maintainer
A fixed appliance used to hold space for an unerupted permanent tooth after a primary (baby) tooth has been lost prematurely, due to accident or decay.
Supernumerary Teeth
A genetic occurrence in which there are more teeth than the usual number. These teeth can be malformed or erupt in abnormally.
Tongue Crib
A fixed appliance used to help a patient stop habits or undesirable tongue forces exerted on the teeth and bone that supports the teeth.
Tongue Thrust
An individual's tongue pushes against the teeth when swallowing. Forces generated by the tongue can move the teeth and bone and may lead to an anterior or posterior open bite.
Wax
Wax is placed on the brackets or archwires to prevent them from irritating the lips or cheeks.
Wires
Also known as archwires, they are held in the brackets using small elastic o-rings or stainless steel wire ligatures. Wires are used to move the teeth.
More glossary from http://www.uic.edu/depts/dort/glossary.html
anchorage
resistance to unwanted tooth movement caused by the reactive component of an orthodontic force; refers also to the intra- and extraoral structures that supply the resistance
Angle's classification of occlusion
a definition of malocclusion based on the relationships of the first permanent molars
angulation
the tilt of the long axis of a tooth in a mesial or distal direction; see inclination
anterior crossbite
one or more teeth in the maxillary anterior segment is lingual to one or more of the opposing teeth in the mandibular anterior segment in maximum intercuspation
anterior segment
all of the canine and incisor teeth in a given dental arch
arch wire
a wire applied to two or more teeth through fixed attachments to cause or guide orthodontic tooth movement
arch circumference or arch perimeter
the distance from the mesial contact of one first permanent molar to its antimere as measured through the contact points or buccal cusp tips of all of the intervening teeth, ignoring those teeth that are malpositioned or blocked out so that the measurement represents an ideal arch form; see arch length
arch depth
the perpendicular distance from a point between the central incisors to a line connecting the mesial contacts of the first permanent molars; see arch length
arch length
same as arch depth; but note that 'arch length' is often used as a synonym for arch circumference or arch perimeter
band
a circular metal strip that is adapted to fit closely around a tooth; various components of an orthodontic appliance may be welded or soldered to it
base, bracket
the part of a bracket that is attached either to a metal band or bonding pad
bimaxillary
both the upper and lower jaw
blocked out
a tooth that is positioned away from its proper position in the dental arch due to insufficient space
bonding pad
the retentive portion of a fixed orthodontic attachment which locks it mechanically to the bonding material; the pad usually has a fine mesh surface
brachycephalic
a short skull, with a cranial index of 80 or more; see cranial index
This term, or a variant "brachyfacial," is sometimes used to describe a short, wide face, properly referred to as euryprosopic .
bracket
a metal, plastic, or ceramic fixed attachment which holds an arch wire
buccal tube
a fixed attachment which is open only at each end. Tubes may be round or rectangular in cross section; round tubes are usually .045 inches in diameter to receive auxiliaries such as a facebow or lip bumper, rectangular tubes are either .018 x .025 or .022 x .028 inches in order to receive arch wires and generally are placed on the most distal molar tooth in the appliance.
buccal segment
all of the premolar and molar teeth in a given quadrant
cell-free zone
descriptive term for the necrosis that occurs in a pressure zone of the periodontal ligament (PDL) as a result of excessive orthodontic force; the same as hyalinized zone
center of resistance
considering the tooth in its alveolus, it is that point through which a pure force would result in translation of the tooth without any rotational effect; for a given tooth the center of resistance is found at approximately one-third (0.3 to 0.5) of the distance from the alveolar crest to the apex, and its location does not change (unless root length or alveolar crest height changes)
center of rotation
a point around which all points on the tooth rotate; the center of rotation can change depending upon the forces and moments acting upon the tooth
cephalometer
the apparatus used to take cephalometric radiographs, consisting of an X-ray source, cephalostat and film holder
cephalometric analysis
click here to view definitions of some landmarks and measurements used in the Illnois analysis
cephalostat
the head holder used in cephalometric radiography to orient the patient in relation to the X-ray source and film holder; it usually includes a set of ear rods, an orbital pointer and a nose rest
cervical-pull headgear
a headgear that uses a cervical neck strap as anchorage, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; the direction of the force on a maxillary molar is backward and downward
Class I malocclusion (Angle)
a malocclusion with correct mesiodistal relationship of the first permanent molars
Class II malocclusion (Angle)
a malocculsion in which the lower first permanent molar is positioned distally relative to the upper; see distoclusion . To classify a unilateral Class II malocclusion, see subdivision .
Class III malocclusion (Angle)
a malocculsion in which the lower first permanent molar is positioned mesially relative to the upper; see mesioclusion . To classify a unilateral Class III malocclusion, see subdivision .
couple
a couple is produced when two equal and opposite forces act on a body; the magnitude of the couple is equal to the product of one of the forces times the perpendicular distance between the forces
cranial index
the ratio of maximum cranial breadth (measured wherever found) to maximum cranial length (glabella to opisthocranium), expressed as a percentage
crowding
exists when the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the teeth in an arch exceeds the arch circumference
dental (dentoalveolar) malocclusion
a malocclusion characterized by deviation from normal in the teeth and their supporting tissues; the size, shape and position of craniofacial bones is within the normal range
diagnostic setup
teeth are cut from a plaster cast and repositioned with wax; setups are used to evaluate alternative treatment plans
direct resorption
removal of the cortical bone of the alveolar wall by clast cells in the periodontal ligament of a tooth being moved by an orthodontic force; note that this is not possible in a cell-free zone
compare to undermining resorption
distoclusion
distal position of the lower buccal teeth in relation to the upper; see Angle Class II
division 1
an Angle Class II malocclusion in which the maxillary incisors are positioned forward in relation to the lowers resulting in marked overjet
division 2
an Angle Class II malocclusion in which the maxillary incisors are in close relation to the lowers, usually with a deep overbite
dolichocephalic
a long skull, with a cranial index of 74.9 or less; see cranial index
This term, or a variant "dolichofacial," has been neologized to describe a long, narrow face, properly referred to as leptoprosopic.
E space
the difference between the mesiodistal widths of the primary second molar and the second premolar; generally the second premolar is smaller than the primary second molar
ectopic eruption
any tooth can erupt ectopically; when applied to the maxillary first permanent molar it describes a condition wherein the permanent molar erupts with excessive mesial angulation, resulting in resorption of the second primary molar and lack of full eruption of the first permanent molar
elastic limit
the maximum stress a wire or spring can withstand without permanent deformation
euryprosopic
a low, wide face, with a facial index of 84.9 or less; see facial index
extrusion
displacement of a tooth along its long axis out of the alveolus; sometimes called forced eruption
facebow
the wire portion of an orthodontic headgear , consisting of an inner and outer bow; the inner bow is connected to the teeth by means of a round tube on an orthodontic band, or by a 'J' hook to an arch wire, the outer bow is connected to a neck strap or headcap by an interposed force module
facial index
the ratio of facial height (nasion to gnathion) to zygomatic breadth ( zygion to zygion), expressed as percentage
functional shift
the mandible moves excessively from initial contact position to maximum intercuspation, usually resulting in an anterior (forward shift) or posterior (lateral shift) crossbite
glabella
most anterior point on the midsagittal plane between the superciliary arches; on the living it is found above the root of the nose between the eyebrows
headcap
that portion of an orthodontic headgear that rests on a portion of the occipital part of the cranium, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; the direction of the force on the maxillary molar is backward or backward and upward (see neck strap )
headgear
an apparatus that is used to deliver force to the teeth from outside the oral cavity; it consists of three parts: a facebow , a headgear force module and a neck strap or headcap (see high-pull , occipital-pull , and cervical pull headgear )
headgear force module
the source of force for an orthodontic headgear; it may consist of an elastic strap or rubber bands, but modern "safety" headgear typically use a small plastic part with an internal spring that is designed to "breakaway" if the facebow is pulled forward
high-pull headgear
a headgear that is arranged so that the direction of the force is markedly upward and backward; this apparatus uses a headcap as anchorage
hyalinized zone
a term which describes the sometimes glassy appearance of a cell-free zone in the light microscope; see cell-free zone
ideal occlusion
no malocclusion present
impacted
a tooth that has failed to erupt into the oral cavity; in orthodontics this often describes maxillary canines and third permanent molars that occupy a position from which normal eruption is highly unlikely
inclination
the tilt of the long axis of a tooth in the buccolingual or faciolingual direction; see angulation
infraocclusion
a tooth or teeth positioned below the plane of occlusion
intermaxillary
between the upper and lower jaws
intrusion
displacement of a tooth along its long axis into the alveolus
leeway space
the difference between the mesiodistal widths of the primary canine, first and second primary molars and the permanent canine, first and second premolars
leptoprosopic
a high, narrow face with a facial index of 90 or more; see facial index
ligature
a tie used to secure the brackets on individual teeth to an orthodontic arch wire; usually made of wire or elastic material -- ligatures may also be used to secure removable lingual arches, lip bumpers, etc. in their respective attachments.
load-deflection rate
force per unit displacement of a spring; the lower the rate, the smaller the force developed for a given amount of displacement, and vice versa
anchorage
resistance to unwanted tooth movement caused by the reactive component of an orthodontic force; refers also to the intra- and extraoral structures that supply the resistance
Angle's classification of occlusion
a definition of malocclusion based on the relationships of the first permanent molars
angulation
the tilt of the long axis of a tooth in a mesial or distal direction; see inclination
anterior crossbite
one or more teeth in the maxillary anterior segment is lingual to one or more of the opposing teeth in the mandibular anterior segment in maximum intercuspation
anterior segment
all of the canine and incisor teeth in a given dental arch
arch wire
a wire applied to two or more teeth through fixed attachments to cause or guide orthodontic tooth movement
arch circumference or arch perimeter
the distance from the mesial contact of one first permanent molar to its antimere as measured through the contact points or buccal cusp tips of all of the intervening teeth, ignoring those teeth that are malpositioned or blocked out so that the measurement represents an ideal arch form; see arch length
arch depth
the perpendicular distance from a point between the central incisors to a line connecting the mesial contacts of the first permanent molars; see arch length
arch length
same as arch depth; but note that 'arch length' is often used as a synonym for arch circumference or arch perimeter
band
a circular metal strip that is adapted to fit closely around a tooth; various components of an orthodontic appliance may be welded or soldered to it
base, bracket
the part of a bracket that is attached either to a metal band or bonding pad
bimaxillary
both the upper and lower jaw
blocked out
a tooth that is positioned away from its proper position in the dental arch due to insufficient space
bonding pad
the retentive portion of a fixed orthodontic attachment which locks it mechanically to the bonding material; the pad usually has a fine mesh surface
brachycephalic
a short skull, with a cranial index of 80 or more; see cranial index
This term, or a variant "brachyfacial," is sometimes used to describe a short, wide face, properly referred to as euryprosopic .
bracket
a metal, plastic, or ceramic fixed attachment which holds an arch wire
buccal tube
a fixed attachment which is open only at each end. Tubes may be round or rectangular in cross section; round tubes are usually .045 inches in diameter to receive auxiliaries such as a facebow or lip bumper, rectangular tubes are either .018 x .025 or .022 x .028 inches in order to receive arch wires and generally are placed on the most distal molar tooth in the appliance.
buccal segment
all of the premolar and molar teeth in a given quadrant
cell-free zone
descriptive term for the necrosis that occurs in a pressure zone of the periodontal ligament (PDL) as a result of excessive orthodontic force; the same as hyalinized zone
center of resistance
considering the tooth in its alveolus, it is that point through which a pure force would result in translation of the tooth without any rotational effect; for a given tooth the center of resistance is found at approximately one-third (0.3 to 0.5) of the distance from the alveolar crest to the apex, and its location does not change (unless root length or alveolar crest height changes)
center of rotation
a point around which all points on the tooth rotate; the center of rotation can change depending upon the forces and moments acting upon the tooth
cephalometer
the apparatus used to take cephalometric radiographs, consisting of an X-ray source, cephalostat and film holder
cephalometric analysis
click here to view definitions of some landmarks and measurements used in the Illnois analysis
cephalostat
the head holder used in cephalometric radiography to orient the patient in relation to the X-ray source and film holder; it usually includes a set of ear rods, an orbital pointer and a nose rest
cervical-pull headgear
a headgear that uses a cervical neck strap as anchorage, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; the direction of the force on a maxillary molar is backward and downward
Class I malocclusion (Angle)
a malocclusion with correct mesiodistal relationship of the first permanent molars
Class II malocclusion (Angle)
a malocculsion in which the lower first permanent molar is positioned distally relative to the upper; see distoclusion . To classify a unilateral Class II malocclusion, see subdivision .
Class III malocclusion (Angle)
a malocculsion in which the lower first permanent molar is positioned mesially relative to the upper; see mesioclusion . To classify a unilateral Class III malocclusion, see subdivision .
couple
a couple is produced when two equal and opposite forces act on a body; the magnitude of the couple is equal to the product of one of the forces times the perpendicular distance between the forces
cranial index
the ratio of maximum cranial breadth (measured wherever found) to maximum cranial length (glabella to opisthocranium), expressed as a percentage
crowding
exists when the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the teeth in an arch exceeds the arch circumference
dental (dentoalveolar) malocclusion
a malocclusion characterized by deviation from normal in the teeth and their supporting tissues; the size, shape and position of craniofacial bones is within the normal range
diagnostic setup
teeth are cut from a plaster cast and repositioned with wax; setups are used to evaluate alternative treatment plans
direct resorption
removal of the cortical bone of the alveolar wall by clast cells in the periodontal ligament of a tooth being moved by an orthodontic force; note that this is not possible in a cell-free zone
compare to undermining resorption
distoclusion
distal position of the lower buccal teeth in relation to the upper; see Angle Class II
division 1
an Angle Class II malocclusion in which the maxillary incisors are positioned forward in relation to the lowers resulting in marked overjet
division 2
an Angle Class II malocclusion in which the maxillary incisors are in close relation to the lowers, usually with a deep overbite
dolichocephalic
a long skull, with a cranial index of 74.9 or less; see cranial index
This term, or a variant "dolichofacial," has been neologized to describe a long, narrow face, properly referred to as leptoprosopic.
E space
the difference between the mesiodistal widths of the primary second molar and the second premolar; generally the second premolar is smaller than the primary second molar
ectopic eruption
any tooth can erupt ectopically; when applied to the maxillary first permanent molar it describes a condition wherein the permanent molar erupts with excessive mesial angulation, resulting in resorption of the second primary molar and lack of full eruption of the first permanent molar
elastic limit
the maximum stress a wire or spring can withstand without permanent deformation
euryprosopic
a low, wide face, with a facial index of 84.9 or less; see facial index
extrusion
displacement of a tooth along its long axis out of the alveolus; sometimes called forced eruption
facebow
the wire portion of an orthodontic headgear , consisting of an inner and outer bow; the inner bow is connected to the teeth by means of a round tube on an orthodontic band, or by a 'J' hook to an arch wire, the outer bow is connected to a neck strap or headcap by an interposed force module
facial index
the ratio of facial height (nasion to gnathion) to zygomatic breadth ( zygion to zygion), expressed as percentage
functional shift
the mandible moves excessively from initial contact position to maximum intercuspation, usually resulting in an anterior (forward shift) or posterior (lateral shift) crossbite
glabella
most anterior point on the midsagittal plane between the superciliary arches; on the living it is found above the root of the nose between the eyebrows
headcap
that portion of an orthodontic headgear that rests on a portion of the occipital part of the cranium, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; the direction of the force on the maxillary molar is backward or backward and upward (see neck strap )
headgear
an apparatus that is used to deliver force to the teeth from outside the oral cavity; it consists of three parts: a facebow , a headgear force module and a neck strap or headcap (see high-pull , occipital-pull , and cervical pull headgear )
headgear force module
the source of force for an orthodontic headgear; it may consist of an elastic strap or rubber bands, but modern "safety" headgear typically use a small plastic part with an internal spring that is designed to "breakaway" if the facebow is pulled forward
high-pull headgear
a headgear that is arranged so that the direction of the force is markedly upward and backward; this apparatus uses a headcap as anchorage
hyalinized zone
a term which describes the sometimes glassy appearance of a cell-free zone in the light microscope; see cell-free zone
ideal occlusion
no malocclusion present
impacted
a tooth that has failed to erupt into the oral cavity; in orthodontics this often describes maxillary canines and third permanent molars that occupy a position from which normal eruption is highly unlikely
inclination
the tilt of the long axis of a tooth in the buccolingual or faciolingual direction; see angulation
infraocclusion
a tooth or teeth positioned below the plane of occlusion
intermaxillary
between the upper and lower jaws
intrusion
displacement of a tooth along its long axis into the alveolus
leeway space
the difference between the mesiodistal widths of the primary canine, first and second primary molars and the permanent canine, first and second premolars
leptoprosopic
a high, narrow face with a facial index of 90 or more; see facial index
ligature
a tie used to secure the brackets on individual teeth to an orthodontic arch wire; usually made of wire or elastic material -- ligatures may also be used to secure removable lingual arches, lip bumpers, etc. in their respective attachments.
load-deflection rate
force per unit displacement of a spring; the lower the rate, the smaller the force developed for a given amount of displacement, and vice versa
mesioclusion
mesial position of the lower buccal teeth in relation to the upper; see Angle Class III
mesocephalic
a skull that is neither long nor short, with a cranial index that ranges from 75 to 79.9; see cranial index
mesognathic
jaws slightly forward to the normal position in relation to other facial structures
mesoprosopic
a face that is neither wide nor narrow, with a facial index that ranges from 85.0 to 89.9; see facial index
moment of a couple
an applied couple tends to produce a turning effect or rotation on the body on which it acts; the center of rotation is always coincident with the center of resistance regardless of where the couple is applied to the body
moment of a force
an applied force tends to produce a turning effect or rotation on the body on which it acts; the magnitude of the moment is equal to the product of the force times the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to the point around which the rotation occurs (see center of rotation )
neck strap
that portion of an orthodontic headgear that rests on the back of the neck, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; see cervical-pull headgear
neutroclusion
normal mesiodistal occlusal relationships of the buccal teeth
nickel-titanium or Ni-Ti
arch wires made of a nickel-titanium alloy which deliver a much lower force for a given amount of deflection than comparable wire made of resilient stainless steel; see load-deflection rate
normal occlusion
optimal occlusion as it exists in real life; minor irregularities may be present
occipital-pull headgear
a headgear that is arranged so that the direction of the force is mostly backward; this apparatus uses a headcap as anchorage
open bite
a malocclusion in which some teeth cannot be brought into contact with opposing teeth and no vertical overlap is present
open bite, functional
failure of incisors to contact in maximum intercuspation even though vertical overlap is present
opisthocranium
the point on the midline of the skull which projects the farthest backward
orthodontic appliance
any device used to move teeth or influence the shape of the jaw
orthognathic
normal position of the jaws in relation to other facial structures
orthognathic surgery
surgical repositioning of one or both jaws; usually done concurrently with orthodontic repositioning of the teeth
overbite
vertical overlap of upper teeth over lower teeth; usually refers to incisors
overjet
horizontal projection of upper teeth beyond the lower teeth; usually refers to incisors; in Class III malocclusion incisor overjet may be recorded as negative
posterior crossbite
one or more teeth in the maxillary buccal segment is lingual to one or more of the opposing teeth in the mandibular buccal segment in maximum intercuspation
pressure zone
that part of the periodontal ligament that is compressed as a result of an applied orthodontic force; see cell-free zone
primate space
in the primary dentition, a space mesial to the maxillary primary canines and distal to the mandibular primary canines
proclined
a forward inclination of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis; see inclination
prognathic
a forward position of the mandible relative to other facial structures
protraction
anterior movement of teeth
protrusive or procumbent
a forward position of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis
reproximation
see stripping
retraction
posterior movement of teeth
retroclined
a backward inclination of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis; see inclination
retrognathic
a backward position of the mandible relative to other facial structures
retrusive or recumbent
a backward position of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis
rotation
turning of a tooth by movement around its long axis; a tooth is said to be rotated if turning it around its long axis is required in order to bring it into its proper position
separator
a device inserted between teeth which are to be fitted with orthodontic bands; usually made of elastomeric material or small metal springs, separators will push the teeth apart so that the band material passes freely through the contact area.
sheath
a fixed attachment, welded or soldered to a band, which is specifically designed to receive removable auxiliaries such as lingual arches, etc.
skeletal malocclusion
a malocclusion characterized by deviations from the normal in the size, shape, or position of craniofacial bones; there may or may not be a concomitant dentoalveolar malocclusion
slot, bracket
that portion of a bracket which receives an arch wire; Edgewise bracket slots are rectangular in cross section, either 0.018 x 0.025 or 0.022 x 0.028 inches in dimension with the shorter dimension open to the buccal or labial
source
the tube which supplies X-rays in a cephalometer ; see target
spacing
exists when the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the teeth in an arch is less than the arch circumference
Spee, curve of
the extent to which the cusp tips of the lower dental arch describe a curve, concave upwards in the lateral view; some authors define this curve as extending only from the canine through the molars; others include the incisors
stripping
reduction of mesiodistal tooth width by removal of interproximal enamel
subdivision
an Angle Class II or Class III malocclusion that is unilateral; the designation of the subdivision as 'right' or 'left' indicates the side which is Class II or Class III
supraocclusion
eruption of a tooth or teeth beyond the normal level
target
the target anode which is bombarded by a stream of electrons from a heated cathode in an X-ray tube; is used as one factor in calculating magnification ratios in cephalometry
tension zone
that part of the periodontal ligament that is tensed as a result of an applied orthodontic force
tie wing
that portion of a bracket which retains a ligature
tipping
the tendency of a tooth to turn or rotate in either the mesio-distal or bucco-lingual direction when a force is applied to the crown; thus, tipping can change either the inclination or angulation of a tooth
tipping, uncontrolled
the application of a force to the crown will cause a tooth to rotate around a center near the middle of the root; thus, the apex will move in the opposite direction to the crown as the tooth tips
tipping, controlled
the application of a force plus a moment to the crown which is designed to cause the tooth to rotate around a center that is at the apex; thus, the crown moves the greatest distance and the apex moves the least as the tooth tips
torque
with respect to the Edgewise appliance, it is the force system created when a rectangular arch wire is engaged in a bracket slot in torsion, and which has the effect of changing the inclination of the tooth; also refers to torsion bends (twisting) deliberately placed in a rectangular arch wire which are intended to change the inclination of the tooth
translation
all points on a tooth move in a parallel straight line; the center of rotation is at infinity
twin bracket
an arrangement in which two Edgewise brackets are attached to the same base in order to effect better control of individual tooth rotations; also referred to as a Siamese bracket.
undermining resorption
removal of the cortical bone of the alveolar wall by clast cells in the marrow spaces adjacent to a cell-free zone; compare to direct resorption
zygion
the most lateral point on the zygomatic arch
mesial position of the lower buccal teeth in relation to the upper; see Angle Class III
mesocephalic
a skull that is neither long nor short, with a cranial index that ranges from 75 to 79.9; see cranial index
mesognathic
jaws slightly forward to the normal position in relation to other facial structures
mesoprosopic
a face that is neither wide nor narrow, with a facial index that ranges from 85.0 to 89.9; see facial index
moment of a couple
an applied couple tends to produce a turning effect or rotation on the body on which it acts; the center of rotation is always coincident with the center of resistance regardless of where the couple is applied to the body
moment of a force
an applied force tends to produce a turning effect or rotation on the body on which it acts; the magnitude of the moment is equal to the product of the force times the perpendicular distance from the line of action of that force to the point around which the rotation occurs (see center of rotation )
neck strap
that portion of an orthodontic headgear that rests on the back of the neck, thus directing the reaction force of the headgear force module to a site that is outside the oral cavity; see cervical-pull headgear
neutroclusion
normal mesiodistal occlusal relationships of the buccal teeth
nickel-titanium or Ni-Ti
arch wires made of a nickel-titanium alloy which deliver a much lower force for a given amount of deflection than comparable wire made of resilient stainless steel; see load-deflection rate
normal occlusion
optimal occlusion as it exists in real life; minor irregularities may be present
occipital-pull headgear
a headgear that is arranged so that the direction of the force is mostly backward; this apparatus uses a headcap as anchorage
open bite
a malocclusion in which some teeth cannot be brought into contact with opposing teeth and no vertical overlap is present
open bite, functional
failure of incisors to contact in maximum intercuspation even though vertical overlap is present
opisthocranium
the point on the midline of the skull which projects the farthest backward
orthodontic appliance
any device used to move teeth or influence the shape of the jaw
orthognathic
normal position of the jaws in relation to other facial structures
orthognathic surgery
surgical repositioning of one or both jaws; usually done concurrently with orthodontic repositioning of the teeth
overbite
vertical overlap of upper teeth over lower teeth; usually refers to incisors
overjet
horizontal projection of upper teeth beyond the lower teeth; usually refers to incisors; in Class III malocclusion incisor overjet may be recorded as negative
posterior crossbite
one or more teeth in the maxillary buccal segment is lingual to one or more of the opposing teeth in the mandibular buccal segment in maximum intercuspation
pressure zone
that part of the periodontal ligament that is compressed as a result of an applied orthodontic force; see cell-free zone
primate space
in the primary dentition, a space mesial to the maxillary primary canines and distal to the mandibular primary canines
proclined
a forward inclination of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis; see inclination
prognathic
a forward position of the mandible relative to other facial structures
protraction
anterior movement of teeth
protrusive or procumbent
a forward position of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis
reproximation
see stripping
retraction
posterior movement of teeth
retroclined
a backward inclination of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis; see inclination
retrognathic
a backward position of the mandible relative to other facial structures
retrusive or recumbent
a backward position of an incisor tooth, usually determined from a cephalometric analysis
rotation
turning of a tooth by movement around its long axis; a tooth is said to be rotated if turning it around its long axis is required in order to bring it into its proper position
separator
a device inserted between teeth which are to be fitted with orthodontic bands; usually made of elastomeric material or small metal springs, separators will push the teeth apart so that the band material passes freely through the contact area.
sheath
a fixed attachment, welded or soldered to a band, which is specifically designed to receive removable auxiliaries such as lingual arches, etc.
skeletal malocclusion
a malocclusion characterized by deviations from the normal in the size, shape, or position of craniofacial bones; there may or may not be a concomitant dentoalveolar malocclusion
slot, bracket
that portion of a bracket which receives an arch wire; Edgewise bracket slots are rectangular in cross section, either 0.018 x 0.025 or 0.022 x 0.028 inches in dimension with the shorter dimension open to the buccal or labial
source
the tube which supplies X-rays in a cephalometer ; see target
spacing
exists when the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the teeth in an arch is less than the arch circumference
Spee, curve of
the extent to which the cusp tips of the lower dental arch describe a curve, concave upwards in the lateral view; some authors define this curve as extending only from the canine through the molars; others include the incisors
stripping
reduction of mesiodistal tooth width by removal of interproximal enamel
subdivision
an Angle Class II or Class III malocclusion that is unilateral; the designation of the subdivision as 'right' or 'left' indicates the side which is Class II or Class III
supraocclusion
eruption of a tooth or teeth beyond the normal level
target
the target anode which is bombarded by a stream of electrons from a heated cathode in an X-ray tube; is used as one factor in calculating magnification ratios in cephalometry
tension zone
that part of the periodontal ligament that is tensed as a result of an applied orthodontic force
tie wing
that portion of a bracket which retains a ligature
tipping
the tendency of a tooth to turn or rotate in either the mesio-distal or bucco-lingual direction when a force is applied to the crown; thus, tipping can change either the inclination or angulation of a tooth
tipping, uncontrolled
the application of a force to the crown will cause a tooth to rotate around a center near the middle of the root; thus, the apex will move in the opposite direction to the crown as the tooth tips
tipping, controlled
the application of a force plus a moment to the crown which is designed to cause the tooth to rotate around a center that is at the apex; thus, the crown moves the greatest distance and the apex moves the least as the tooth tips
torque
with respect to the Edgewise appliance, it is the force system created when a rectangular arch wire is engaged in a bracket slot in torsion, and which has the effect of changing the inclination of the tooth; also refers to torsion bends (twisting) deliberately placed in a rectangular arch wire which are intended to change the inclination of the tooth
translation
all points on a tooth move in a parallel straight line; the center of rotation is at infinity
twin bracket
an arrangement in which two Edgewise brackets are attached to the same base in order to effect better control of individual tooth rotations; also referred to as a Siamese bracket.
undermining resorption
removal of the cortical bone of the alveolar wall by clast cells in the marrow spaces adjacent to a cell-free zone; compare to direct resorption
zygion
the most lateral point on the zygomatic arch
more specifically for impacted canines:
archwire, round or rectangular
explained by Dr Stephen Yang see: http://www.archwired.com/ArchWires_Dr_Yang.htm
In short:
Usually round archwires are used at the beginning of treatment, They are more elastic, and are less likely to brake off a bracket from the tooth.
The rectangular wire is stiffer and fits into the rectangular bracket slots more snuggly.
Archwires are
1, steel: strong, but not very elastic. Usually not used initially.
2, Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti): elastic, used initially for a gentle force
3, Beta-Titanium: intermediate properties to 1 and 2
explained by Dr Stephen Yang see: http://www.archwired.com/ArchWires_Dr_Yang.htm
In short:
Usually round archwires are used at the beginning of treatment, They are more elastic, and are less likely to brake off a bracket from the tooth.
The rectangular wire is stiffer and fits into the rectangular bracket slots more snuggly.
Archwires are
1, steel: strong, but not very elastic. Usually not used initially.
2, Nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti): elastic, used initially for a gentle force
3, Beta-Titanium: intermediate properties to 1 and 2
ligature ties:
- stainless steel- a 0.010 gauge stainless-steel wire ligature is used to 'tie' in arch wires
- Kobayashi hooks = ligature ties that have been spot welded at the tip to form hooks for the attachment of
- Kobayashi hooks = ligature ties that have been spot welded at the tip to form hooks for the attachment of
elastics.
elastomeric ties
a small elastic ring stretched around a bracket is used to hold the archwire in place
superelastic wires
a NiTi wire that is very flexible, considered to deliver a constant force, which supposedly results in fewer visits and less soreness
elastic chains ties
a NiTi wire that is very flexible, considered to deliver a constant force, which supposedly results in fewer visits and less soreness
elastic chains ties
These ties, continuous O's that form a chain, are used to close space between teeth or correct rotated teeth
elastic thread
a type of tubing used to close space or aid in t
made of polymers. Subject to force degradation 4408-20610-1-PB.pdf that starts immediately, and why the
chains need to be changed often.
made of polymers. Subject to force degradation 4408-20610-1-PB.pdf that starts immediately, and why the
chains need to be changed often.
coil spring
Brackets with auxiliary slots:
See orthodonticproductsonline.com where I got the image and text: Figure 5: A closed exposure was accomplished for this buccally impacted canine. The main arch was combined with a superelastics overlay wire placed in the auxiliary slot and through a link in the chain applied to the impacted canine. The auxiliary slot expands the “piggy back” technique by permitting the insertion of the second arch (e.g., 0.012″ NiTi) through that extra slot without disturbing the base wire. The overlay superelastic wire was inserted into the auxiliary slots to be combined with the base archwire.In this manner the secondary wire can move freely through the horizontal auxiliary slot. In turn, this permits more continuous, physiological forces to be applied to the impacted canine; thereby, reducing potential hyalinization and reducing treatment duration. Throughout the directed eruption of the impacted canine teeth, the base arch is still providing support and correction of other aspects of the malocclusion. See more at: http://www.orthodonticproductsonline.com/2013/04/relocating-canines-into-the-dental-arch/#sthash.7hnxCzGd.dpuf |